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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


■i 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
wliich  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checited  below. 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I   Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 
D 


□ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  blacic)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noi'e) 

I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certainas  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  AtA  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 

D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoEoured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  ol  prir 

Quality  indgaie  de  {'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

r~~|  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I  Pages  discoEoured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  ol  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  vne  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fagon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  Image  possible. 


Tl 
to 


Tl 

P« 
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fil 


O 
bi 
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sii 
ol 
fil 
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or 


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Tl 
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M 
di 
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This  item  Is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  iocument  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAn6rositA  de: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film4,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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'■    tf-:  ■        -'f. 


^^^fr!^ 


PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINQTON 

BULLETIN  VOL.  XIII,  pp.  123-162 


ALASKA  AS  IT  WAS  AND  IS 


1865-1895 


BT 


WILLIAM  HEALEY  DALL 


Annual  Prihioential  Address  dbmverkd  before  the  PniLosoWitCAL 
SociETV  OK  Washixotos,  December  6,  1895 


WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY 

December,  1895 


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ALASKA  AS  IT  WAS  AND  IS 
1865-1895. 

BY 

William  Healey  Dall. 


[The  annual  presidential  address,  delivered  before  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  Washinj^ton,  December  6,  1895.] 


In  1864  the  apparent  hopelessness  of  the  attempts  to 
establish  a  workable  transatlantic  telegraph  cable  led  those 
interested  in  telegraphic  commuuicatiou  with  Europe  to 
consider  other  means  of  attaining  that  end.  It  was  thought 
that  a  short  cable  across  Bering  strait  might  be  made  to 
work,  and  no  doubt  was  entertained  of  the  possibility  of 
maintaining  the  enormously  extended  land  lines  which 
should  connect  the  ends  of  this  cable  with  the  systems 
already  in  operation  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  A 
company  was  formed  for  this  purpose,  and  an  expedition  to 
undertake  the  explorations  necessary  to  determine  the  route 
was  organized.  The  cooperation  of  the  Russian  and  Ameri- 
can governments  was  secured  and  the  necessary  funds  sub- 
scribed. Searching  for  properly  qualified  explorers,  the 
promoters  of  the  enterprise  consulted  the  Smithsonian  insti- 
tution and  were  brought  into  communication  with  Robert 
Kennicott,  of  Chicago,  a  young  and  enthusiastic  naturalist, 
who  had  already  made  some  remarkable  journeys  in  the 
Hudson  Bay  territories  in  the  interest  of  science.  His  ex- 
plorations had  taken  him  to  the  most  remote  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  posts — Fort  Yukon,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name — 
regardless  of  every  kind  of  hardship,  privation,  and  isola- 
tion. His  ardor  was  so  contagious  that  before  returning  to 
civilization  he  bad  communicated  it  to  almost  every  one  o» 

18-Bull.  Phil.  Soc,  Wash.,  Vol.  13.  (123) 


P^cinc  N,  W.  History  Dc^pt 

PROVINCIAL   LIBRARY 
VICTORIA,  B.  C, 


MMikm 


124 


DAI.L. 


the  hard-headed  fur  traders  in  that  remote  and  inhospitable 
region,  and  for  years  afterward  bird  skins,  eggs,  ethnological 
specimens,  and  collections  in  every  branch  of  natural  his- 
tory poured  from  the  frozen  nortli  into  the  Wmithsoniau 
Museum  by  hundreds  and  thousands. 

When  Kennicott,  after  traveling  for  months  on  snow- 
shoes,  sledges,  or  bateaux,  stood  at  last  on  the  steep  bluff  at 
Fort  Yukon,  he  saw  the  yellow  flood  of  the  great  river  surg- 
ing by  the  most  remote  outpost  of  civilization  and  disap- 
pearing to  the  v.estward  in  a  vast  and  unknown  region. 
An  uninhabited  gap  of  hundreds  of  miles  lay  between  him 
and  the  nearest  known  native  settlement  to  the  west.  Far 
in  the  north  the  midnight  sun  lighted  up  the  snowy  peaks 
of  the  Ilomanzoff  mountains,  whose  further  slope  it  was  be- 
lieved gave  on  the  Polar  sea.  No  one  knew  where  the 
Yukon  met  the  ocean.  On  most  maps  of  that  day  a  large 
river  called  the  Coivile,  found  by  Simpson  on  the  Arctic 
coast  as  he  journeyed  toward  Point  Barrow,  was  indicated 
as  the  outlet  of  the  Yukon  watershed.  South  of  the  Ronian- 
zoff  mountains  for  an  unknown  distance  vast  tundras, 
scantily  wooded  with  larch  and  spruce,  the  breeding  grounds 
of  multitudes  of  water  fowl,  intersected  by  many  streams, 
but  level  as  a  prairie,  extended  to  the  west. 

The  native  population  of  this  region,  as  far  as  known, 
had  always  been  scanty,  and  an  epidemic  of  scaj'let  fever, 
introduced  some  years  before  through  contact  with  other 
tribes  trading  to  the  coast,  had  swept  them  absolutely  out  of 
existence.  Not  an  individual  was  left,  and  the  nomad.c 
natives  who  reached  Fort  Yukon  from  the  east  and  south- 
east hesitated  to  approach  the  hunting  grounds,  where  the 
mysterious  pestilence  might  linger  still. 

Obliged  to  terminate  his  explorations  here,  Kennicott 
returned,  after  months  of  weary  travel,  to  the  United  States, 
but  cherished  the  hope  of  some  day  penetrating  the  terra 
incognita  on  whose  borders  he  had  been  obliged  to  pause 
and  turn  away.  The  dream  of  his  life  was  thereafter  the 
exploration  of  Russian  America,  the  discovery  of  its  fauna. 


ALASKA   AS   IT   WAS   AND   IS. 


125 


; 


and  tho  determination  of  its  relations  to  the  fauna  of  Siberia 
and  Japan.  Tho  group  of  young  zoologists  which  ^'nthered 
about  him  at  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  an  institu- 
tion of  which  Kcnnicott  was  practically  the  creator,  was 
frequently  roused  to  enthusiasm  by  impromptu  lectures  on 
the  problems  to  be  solved,  the  specimens  to  be  collected,  and 
the  advenv.  res  to  be  anticipated  in  that  virgin  territory. 

The  need  of  the  telegraph  company  for  one  familiar  with 
life  and  conditions  in  the  north  brought  him  the  long  sought 
opportunity,  and  he  undertook  to  lead  the  exploration,  pro- 
vided he  wrs  permitted  to  utilize  it  for  science  to  the  fullest 
extent  commensurate  with  the  attainment  of  the  objects  of 
the  expedition.  IIo  stipulated  that  he  should  be  permitted 
to  select  a  party  of  six  persons  who  should  be  qualified  to 
make  scientific  observations  and  collections  in  the  intervals 
of  other  work,  but  who  should  hold  themselves  ready  to  do 
any  work  required  by  the  promoters  of  the  enterprise,  even 
to  digging  post-holes  for  the  line  if  called  upon. 

His  terms  were  accepted,  and  the  scientific  corps  of  the 
expedition  organized  and  started  for  San  Francisco.  Here 
two  of  the  members  were  detailed  to  join  the  party  engaged 
in  exploring  the  route  through  British  Columbia ;  the  others, 
of  whom  the  speaker  was  one,  accompanied  Kennicott  to  the 
north. 

In  July,  18G5,tlie  expedition  entered  thebay  of  Sitka  and 
our  acquaintance  with  Russian  America  began. 

Sitka  was  then  a  stockaded' town  of  about  2000  inhab- 
itants, with  a  village  of  more  than  1500  Indians  outside 
the  walls.  The  settlement  contained  a  Greek  church,  a 
Lutheran  chapel,  shipyards,  warehouses,  barracks,  a  club- 
house for  the  officers,  a  sawmill,  a  foundry  where  brass, 
copper,  and  iron  castings  of  moderate  size  were  made,  beside 
numerous  dwellings.  All  the  buildings  were  log  structures, 
their  outer  walls  washed  with  yellow  ochre,  the  roofs  chiefly 
of  metal  painted  red.  High  above  the  rest,  on  an  elevated 
rock,  rose  a  large  building,  in  which  the  governor  of  the 
Russian  colonies  had  his  residence.     This,  known  to  visitors 


litm 


12G 


DALL. 


r&    . 


as  the  "  castle,"  was  built  of  squared  logs,  with  two  stories  and 
a  cupola  and  was  defeuded  by  a  battery.  Tiio  warm  colors 
of  the  buildings,  above  which  rose  tlio  pale  green  spire  and 
bulbous  domes  of  the  Greek  church,  seen  against  steep,  snow- 
tipped  mountains  densely  clothed  with  sombre  forests  of 
spruce,  produced  a  picturesque  effect  unique  among  Ameri- 
can settlements. 

Outside  the  walls,  along  the  beach,  was  a  long  row  of  largo 
Indian  houses,  low  and  wide,  without  windows,  built  of  im- 
mense planks  painfull}'  hewn  out  of  single  logs  with  stone 
adzes,  whose  marks  could  still  be  distinctly  seen.  Tiiey  were 
entered  by  small,  low  doors,  rounded  above,  so  that  he  who 
came  in  must  bend  to  an  attitude  ill  suited  to  defense.  The 
front  of  each  house  was  painted  with  totemic  emblems  in  red 
ochre.  Their  dimensions  wore  sometimes  as  much  as  40  by 
GO  feet,  and  the  area  within  formed  one  large  room,  with  the 
rafters  visible  overhead,  the  middle  portion  floored  only  with 
bare  earth,  on  which  the  fire  was  built,  the  smoke  escaping 
through  a  large  square  hole  in  the  roof.  On  either  side  were 
raised  platforms  with  small  partitioned  retreats  like  state- 
rooms, each  sheltering  a  single  family.  As  many  as  one 
hundred  people  sometimes  dwelt  in  one  of  these  houses.  The 
only  ornaments  were  totemic  carvings,  generally  against  the 
wall  opposite  the  entrance;  overiiead  hung  nets,. lines,  and 
other  personal  property  drying  in  the  smoke  along  with  strips 
of  meat  or  fish  and  fir  branches  covered  with  the  spawn  of 
herring. 

On  the  bank,  which  rose  behind  the  houses,  densely  cov- 
ered with  herbage  of  a  vivid  green,  were  seen  curious  box- 
like tombs,  often  painted  in  gay  colors  or  ornamented  with 
totemic  carvings  or  wooden  effigies.  These  tombs  sheltered 
the  ashes  of  their  cremated  dead.  On  the  beach  in  front  of 
the  houses  lay  numerous  canoes  whose  graceful  shape  and 
admirable  workmanship  extorted  praises  from  the  earliest 
as  well  as  the  later  explorers  of  the  coast.  When  not  in 
use  these  were  always  sheltered  from  the  sun  by  branches  of 
spruce  and  hemlock  or  tarpaulins  of  refuse  skins.    Among 


ALASKA   AS   IT    WAS   AND   IS. 


127 


the  canoes  innumerable  wolfish  dogs  snarled,  fought,  or 
played  the  scavenger. 

The  natives  still  retained  to  some  extent  thoir  original 
style  of  dress,  modified  now  and  then  by  a  Russian  kerchief 
or  a  woolen  shirt.  As  a  rule,  they  were  barefooted,  stolid, 
sturdy,  uncompromising  savages,  who  looked  upon  the  white 
man  with  a  defiance  but  slightly  tempered  by  fear  and  a 
desire  to  trade.  The  mission  church  of  that  day  was  built 
into  the  stockade,  with  doors  entering  it  both  from  the  In- 
dian and  the  Russian  town.  When  services  were  held  the 
outer  door  was  opened,  the  town  door  closed  and  stoutly 
barred.  Once  these  fierce  clansmen  had  endeavored  to  rush 
into  and  take  the  settlement  whet:  the  door  leading  inward 
had  been  left  unfastened.  From  the  time  when  the  first 
white  men  to  touch  these  shores,  OhirikofF's  boat's  crew  in 
1741,  were  without  provocation  massacred,  these  natives 
had  not  failed  to  maintain  their  reputation  for  courage, 
greed,  treachery,  and  intelligence. 

These  conditions  outside  the  settlement  necessitated  a 
military  discipline  within  it.  Sentries  regularly  paced  the 
walks  by  day  and  night,  the  sullen  Indians  were  systematic- 
ally watched,  and  the  little  batteries  kept  in  readiness  for  use. 

The  needs  of  the  business  of  the  compan_,  made  Sitka  a 
lively  manufacturing  town,  in  spite  of  the  multitudinous 
Russian  holidays.  Society  there  was  like  a  bit  of  old  Russia, 
with  the  manners,  vices,  and  sturdy  qualities  of  sailor,  peas- 
ant, and  courtier  fully  exemplified  within  its  narrow  limits. 
A  fishery  at  Deep  lake,  a  few  miles  away,  furnished  fresh 
salmon  in  abundance,  which  was  freely  dist:'ibutcd  to  all 
comers  twice  or  thrice  a  week  during  the  season.  The  com- 
pany furnished  each  employe  with  certain  stated  rations  of 
flour,  sugar,  tea,  etc.,  at  fixed  prices;  the  harbor,  within  a 
few  yards  of  the  stockade,  contained  abundance  of  seafish, 
and  the  Indians'  price  for  a  deer,  skinned  and  dressed,  was  a 
silver  dollar  or  a  glass  of  vodka.  The  primeval  forest  came 
close  to  the  town  ;  the  demand  for  firewood  and  timber  had 
made  little  impression  upon  it.     White  settlements  in  the 


^ 


128 


DALL. 


Alexatulor  archipelago  were  confined  to  a  few  small  fortified 
trading  posts.  Fort  Wrangoll  and  Fort  Tongass  alone  could 
be  regarded  as  approximately  permanent.  The  parties  sent 
out  to  trade  or  hunt  worked  from  a  temporary  camp  or  an 
armed  vessel  as  a  base,  and,  owing  to  the  ill-feeling  which 
existed  between  the  natives  and  Russians,  smuggling  and 
illicit  trading  were  rife.  Missionary  effort  did  not  exist  out- 
side of  Sitka,  and  oven  there  amounted  to  little  more  than 
the  bribery  of  some  greedy  savage  to  pc-form  for  a  consid- 
eration some  rites  which  he  did  not  understand. 

Tiie  law  of  Russia  which  prevented  a  permanent  severance 
of  a  subject  from  his  native  soil  (except  for  crime)  operated 
to  encourage  temporary  unions  of  the  company's  servants 
with  native  women.  Marriages  were  not  allowed  between 
full-blooded  Russians  and  natives,  as  at  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  service  the  Russian  must  return  to  his  own  parish 
in  Russia,  and  the  native  could  iiot  be  carried  away  from  the 
place  of  her  nativity.  After  the  transfer  of  Alaska  to  the 
United  States  many  of  tiiese  Russians  elected  to  remain  in 
the  country  and  were  married  to  the  mothers  of  their  cliil- 
dren  ;  but  at  the  time  of  our  first  visit  the  most  surprising 
social  fact  to  us  was  the  perfect  equality  which  appeared  to 
subsist  between  these  irregular  partners  and  the  married 
women  who  had  come  from  Russia.  So  far  as  we  could  per- 
ceive, both  classes  behaved  with  equal  propriety  and  were 
treated  with  equal  respect  by  the  community,  and  the  only 
restriction  which  the  authorities  insisted  upon  was  that  no 
Russian  should  take  to  himself  a  partner  who  had  not  been 
duly  baptized.  The  issue  of  these  unions,  being  of  Alaskan 
birth,  were  free  to  marry  in  the  country,  and  with  their  de- 
scendants constituted  the  class  to  which  the  Russians  gave 
the  name  of  "Creoles."  Some  of  them  rose  to  eminence  in 
the  service,  and  one  at  least  became  governor  of  the  colonies. 

At  tlie  time  of  our  visit  the  business  of  the  colony  was  ex- 
clusively the  development  of  the  fur  trade.  Agriculture  was 
confined  to  a  trifling  amount  of  gardening  very  imperfectly 
performed.     The  fisheries  were  utilized  only  to  supply  food 


i 


ALASKA   AS  IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


129 


for  tho  people  in  the  company's  employ,  or  to  insure  sub- 
.sisteiico  for  the  natives  whose  time  was  devoted  to  hunting 
the  sea  otter  or  preparing  skins  for  the  autliorities.  The  fur 
trade  of  southeastern  Alaska  was  not  very  produetive.  The 
natives  were  disposed  to  trade  with  tho  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany or  illicit  traders  rather  than  with  tlie  Russians,  partly 
because  they  obtained  better  prices  for  their  skins  and  partly 
because  tho  Russians  refused  to  trade  intoxicating  liquors, 
wliile  the  outsiders  were  not  troubled  with  ai;  v  'cruples  in 
such  matters.  The  furs  were  divided  by  the  Russians  into 
two  classes — the  precious  furs,  such  as  the  ."  'X,  se  i  otter,  and 
sable,  which  were  strictly  reserved  for  the  company,  a  ertain 
propoi Liun  being  imperial  perquisites  of  the  Russian  court, 
ind  the  clieaper  sorts,  which  might  be  used  by  the  com- 
pany's employes  for  winter  clothing,  and  were  sold  at  a  fixed 
price  to  tiiem  for  this  purpose.  This  included  the  muskrat, 
mink,  Parry's  marmot  or  ivrashka,  the  fur  seal,  and  some 
others.  Dry  skins  of  the  fur  seal  were  sold  at  the  company's 
warehouse  for  12^  cents  apiece,  the  modern  plucking  and 
dyeing  of  the  fur,  invented  by  an  American,  Raymond,  of 
Albany,  not  having  reached  a  perfection  sufficient  to  attract 
the  fashionable  world. 

The  European  trading  goods  and  supplies  were  mainly 
brought  by  ship  from  Hamburg,  tlic  same  vessel  taking  tlio 
annual  load  of  skins  to  China,  where  an  excliange  was  made 
for  tea  and  silk,  wliich  were  carried  back  to  Europe.  Flour 
was  imported  latterly  from  California  and  some  goods  were 
brought  from  Aian  and  oth'er  ports  on  the  Okhotsk  sea  in 
the  early  days  of  the  business,  but  in  1865  this  trade  had 
come  to  a  standstill  or  nearly  so.  In  mineral  resources  al- 
most nothing  was  done  ;  a  little  coal  was  taken  out  at  Cook's 
inlet  for  local  uses,  and  the  exp«.  "tation  of  ice  from  Ivadiak 
to  California  was  carried  on  under  a  lease  by  an  American 
company.  The  presence  of  gold,  iron,  aui  graphite  was 
known  to  the  authorities,  but  prospecting  was  not  encour- 
aged, as  it  was  supposed  the  development  of  mineral  re- 
sources might  react  unfavorably  on  the  fur  trade. 


n#4a>wMm*'-*>0"^ 


SBHR 


i  ' 


130 


DALL. 


The  first  codfisherinan  visited  the  Shumagin  islands  in 
1865.  The  whale  fishery  was  wholly  in  the  hands  of  Ameri- 
cans and  other  foreigners,  uncontrolled  by  the  Russians,  and 
the  timber  was  used  only  for  local  purposes. 

The  main  business  of  the  company  was  done  at  its  conti- 
nental trading  posts  in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory 
and  in  the  Aleutian  chain ;  its  authority  in  the  territory 
was  as  absolute  as  the  presence  of  the  uncivilized  tribes  would 
admit.  Under  the  guns  of  the  trading  posts  the  company 
was  master;  out  of  their  range  every  man  was  a  law  unto 
himself. 

Aftc  transacting  its  business  at  Sitka  the  expedition 
touched  at  the  island  of  Unga  to  examine  a  coal  mine,  at 
Unalashka,the  Pribiloff  islands,  and  at  Saint  Michael's,  Nor. 
ton  sound,  where  Kennicott  and  the  explorers  for  the  Yukon 
were  landed.  The  speaker  was  put  in  charge  of  the  scien- 
tific work  of  the  expedition  and  remained  with  the  fleet, 
visiting  Bering  strait,  where  landing  places  for  tlio  cable 
were  searched  for;  and  Petropavlovsk,  the  capital  of  Kam- 
chatka, where  the  Siberian  parties  were  provided  for ;  and 
then  the  vessels  returned  to  San  Francisco. 

The  following  year,  on  returning  to  Saint  Michael's,  we 
were  met  by  the  news  of  Kennicott's  death  from  heart  disease, 
brought  on  by  over-exertion  and  anxiety.  The  Yukon  ex- 
ploration was  still  incomplete,  though  information  received 
made  it  certain  that  the  Kwikhpak  of  the  Russians  and  the 
Yukon  and  Pelly  of  the  English  were  one  and  the  same 
river.  It  remained  to  emphasize  this  information  by  a  con- 
tinuous exploration  whicii  should  cover  the  unmapped  por- 
tion of  tliis  mighty  stream.  The  scientific  work  in  zoology 
projected  by  Kennicott  had  been  left  by  his  premature  deatli 
unrealized.  The  speaker  determined  to  carry  out  these  plans 
and  was  authorized  to  remain  in  the  country  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

As  soon  as  sufficient  snow  had  fallen  to  render  sledging 
practicable  a  portage  from  Norton  sound  to  the  Yukon  river 
was  traversed,  a  small  boat  transported  on  a  sledge  for  use 


i 

■'.If 

i 

I 
■| 

i 


'I 


I 

■A 
■i: 


I 


ALASKA   AS  IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


131 


during  the  followiug  summer,  and  the  Yukon  ascended  on 
the  ice  to  the  trading  post  at  Nulato,  a  distance  of  some  three 
hundred  miles.  Here  the  party  of  five  wintered  and  in 
March  divided  into  two  parts — one,  under  Frank  Ketchum, 
taking  sledges  with  the  intention  of  traversing  the  unknown 
region  on  the  ice  and  after  reaching  Fort  Yukon  to  ascend 
further  in  canoes;  the  other  to  await  the  break-up  of  the  ice 
in  May  and  follow  in  the  skin  canoe,  so  as  to  rescue  the  first 
party  should  they  have  failed  to  carry  out  their  plans.  Both 
projects  were  successfully  carried  out  and  the  two  parties  re 
united  at  Fort  Yukon  on  the  29th  of  June,  1867.  They 
returned  by  the  whole  length  of  the  river  and  reached  Saint 
Michael's  on  the  25th  of  July.  Here  astonishing  news 
awaited  us :  The  Atlantic  cable  was  a  triumphant  success, 
tha  United  States  were  in  negotiation  for  the  purchase  of 
Russian  America,  our  costly  enterprise  was  abandoned,  and 
all  hands  were  to  take  ship  for  California. 

The  collections  and  observations  had  been  but  half  com- 
pleted. The  natural  history  of  the  Upper  Yukon  and  the 
borders  of  Norton  sound  had  been  pretty  well  examined, 
but  the  vast  delta  of  the  Yukon,  with  its  wonderful  fauna 
of  fishes  and  water  birds,  its  almost  unknown  native  tribes 
and  geographic  features,  remained  practically  untouched. 
I  immediately  determined  to  remain  and  devote  the  follow- 
ing year  to  the  unfinished  work.  An  arrangement  with 
the  Russians  was  made  and  this  plan  carried  out.  In  the 
autumn  of  18G8  I  left  Norton  sound  for  California  on  a 
trading  vessel  and  returned  to  civilization. 

At  the  time  our  explorations  of  the  Yukon  began  this 
immense  region  was  occupied  by  two  or  three  thousand  In- 
dians, ra-.my  of  whom  had  never  seen  a  white  man.  The 
Russian  establishments  on  the  Yukon  were  only  three  in 
number,  hundreds  of  miles  apart,  and  chiefly  manned  by 
Creole  servants  of  tiio  company,  not  over  a  dozen  at  each 
post.  An  inefficient  priest,  vvith  a  few  alleged  converts,  con- 
ducted as  a  mission  of  the  Greek  church  the  only  religious 
establishment  in  the  whole  Yukon  valley.    The  iudnstrios  of 

19-Bull.  Phil.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.13. 


'|i|MI.».Wl»|ltj|tu 


X  .,... .. 


132 


DALL. 


the  region  comprised  trapping,  hunting.and  fishing ;  the  first 
for  revenue,  the  others  for  subsistence.  The  means  of  navi- 
gation were  birch-bark  canoes  and  small  skin-boats.  Once 
a  year  the  clumsy  barkass  of  the  Russians,  loaded  with  tea, 
flour,  and  trading  goods,  was  laboriously  forced  upstream 
to  the  Nulato  post,  returning  with  a  load  of  furs.  The  tribes 
of  Eskimo  extraction  occupied  the  lower  river  banks  from 
the  sea  to  the  Shageluk  slough,  above  which  they  were  re- 
placed by  Indians  of  the  Tiuneh  stock.  These  were  to  be 
found  in  scattered  villages  at  various  points  on  the  river  or 
its  tributaries,  where  the  abundance  of  fish  offered  means  of 
subsistence.  The  extreme  limit  of  population  was  to  be 
found  at  the  junction  with  the  Yukon  of  the  large  river 
Tanand,  where  the  island  of  Nuklukayet  was  recognized  as 
neutral  ground,  where  delegations  from  all  the  tribes  met  in 
the  spring  for  their  annual  market  of  furs.  Here  our  party 
had  the  interesting  experience  of  meeting  the  delegation  of 
Tanana  Indians  in  full  native  costume  of  pointed  shirts  and 
trousers  of  dressed  deerskin  adorned  with  black  and  white 
beads,  the  nasal  septum  pierced  to  carry  an  ornament  of 
dentalium  shell,  their  long  hair  formed  into  a  bundle  of 
locks,  stiff  with  tallow,  wound  with  beads,  dusted  with  pow- 
dered hematite  and  the  chopped  down  of  swans.  The  ranks 
of  frail  birch  canoes  were  accurately  aligned,  and  their  pad- 
dles rose  and  fell  with  military  precision.  When  they 
rounded  the  point  of  the  island  and  approached  the  beach, 
where  stood  the  first  white  men  they  had  ever  seen,  they 
were  met  by  a  complimentary  salvo  from  the  guns  of  the 
Indians  already  on  shore,  and  responded  by  wild  yells  and 
graceful  waving  of  their  paddles. 

The  waters  of  the  Tanana  had  never  known  an  explorer 
and  its  geography  was  wholly  unknown.  Never  again  will 
it  be  possible  for  an  ethnologist  to  see  upon  the  Yukon  such 
a  body  of  absolutely  primitive  Indians  untarnished  by  the 
least  breath  of  civilization. 

Above  Nuklukayet  the  Yukon  enters  a  cailon,  known  as  the 
Lower  Ramparts, above  which  the  depopulated  area  already 


'4-: 


ALASKA   AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


133 


alluded  to  extends  to  the  site  of  Fort  Yukon,  near  the  British 
boundary  on  the  Arctic  circle. 

The  noble  stream  I  have  described  extends,  including 
windings,  about  1,600  miles  from  Fort  Yukon  to  the  sea. 
The  valley  is  sometimes  wide  and  low,  sometimes  narrow 
and  contracted  by  low,  wooded  mountains.  Everywhere 
until  the  delta  is  approached  the  banks  are  wooded.  There 
are  many  tributaries,  none  of  which  were  then  explored,  and 
on  either  side  of  the  main  artery  the  laud  stretched  unex- 
plored for  hundreds  of  miles.  Not  another  person  speaking 
auy  European  tongue  except  the  Russian  was  resident  in  all 
this  territory  during  the  second  year  of  my  sojourn.  Outside 
of  the  three  trading  posts,  not  a  native  had  ever  bought  a 
pound  of  flour  or  an  ounce  of  tea.  The  use  of  woolen  cloth- 
ing had  hardly  begun,  and  soap  was  a  rare  and  costl}^  luxury. 
I  made  the  first  candles  ever  molded  on  the  Yukon,  and 
but  for  the  lack  of  hardwood  ashes  to  furnish  alkali  would 
have  tried  my  hand  at  soap.  People  lived  on  game  and 
fish.  Tlie  caribou  was  plentiful  in  the  absence  of  rifles ;  the 
moose  was  not  yet  exterminated  ;  the  warm  days  of  spring 
brought  incalculable  multitudes  of  ducks  and  geese,  to  say 
nothing  of  other  water  fowl ;  the  Arctic  rabbit  and  the  ptar- 
migan were  a  constant  resource,  and  the  rivers  and  lakes  in 
many  places  teemed  with  fish.  Clothing  was  made  of  deer- 
skin and  sewed  with  sinew ;  the  ornaments  were  fringes  from 
the  gray  wolf  or  wolverine.  Undergarments  were  occasion- 
ally made  of  cotton  bought  from  the  traders,  but  more 
usually  from  the  skins  of  fawns.  At  one  village  during  the 
season  for  taking  them  I  saw  4300  fawn  skins  hanging  up 
to  dry.  Such  reckless  destruction  has  since  borne  its  natural 
fruit.  It  was  only  at  certain  localities  even  then  that  deer 
were  plentiful.  The  main  staple  of  subsistence  was  fish. 
During  the  summer  the  river  was  studded  wnth  traps  for 
salmon;  in  winter  the  traps  were  set  in  the  ice,  and  under 
favorable  conditions  furnished  a  steady  supply  of  white-fish, 
burbot,  pike,  grayling,  and  the  great  red  sucker.  The  salmon 
were  cleaned,  split  into  three  parts  connected  at  the  tail, 


MUM 


134 


DALL. 


and  dried  in  the  open  air  by  millions ;  they  furnished  food 
for  man  and  dog,  and  when  well  cured  were  not  unpalatable. 
Vegetable  food  was  almost  unknown,  except  in  the  form  of 
berries.  The  green  flower  stalks  of  Rumex  and  Archangelka 
were  occasionally  eaten,  and  the  dwellers  by  the  sea  some- 
times gathered  dulse,  but  for  practical  purposes  the  diet  was 
meat  and  fish. 

It  was  known  that  gold  existed  in  the  sands  of  the  river, 
but  the  inexperienced  fur  traders  looked  for  it  in  the  bars 
of  the  main  river  and  not  in  the  side  canons  of  small  streams, 
where  it  has  since  been  found  in  such  abundance.  Tlie  real 
riches  of  the  Yukon  valley  then  lay  in  its  furs.  In  a 
garret  at  Fort  Yukon  the  post  trader  showed  me  with  par. 
donable  pride  300  silver  fox  skins  of  the  finst  quality.  Beau- 
tiful in  themselves  and  for  what  they  represented — gold, 
praises,  and  promotion  in  the  service — one  might  almost 
forget  that  some  of  the  company's  servants  at  this  post  had 
not  tasted  bread  or  butter,  sugar  or  tea  for  seven  long  years. 

The  region  of  the  delta  was  and  is  still  remarkable  as 
being  the  breeding  place  of  myriads  of  water  fowl,  some  of 
which  are  peculiar  to  the  Alaskan  region.  Nearly  one  hun- 
dred species  gather  there,  and  one  of  them  comes  all  the 
way  from  north  Australia,  by  the  coasts  of  Cliina  and  Japan, 
to  lay  its  eggs  and  rear  its  young  in  the  Yukon  delta.  It 
is  also  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  the  great  king 
salmon,  sometimes  reaching  a  weight  of  130  pounds,  a  fish 
less  plentiful  further  up  and  whicli  does  not  ascend  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  river. 

All  this  immense  territory  has  since  been  penetrated  by 
traders  and  prospectors.  Stern-wheel  steamers  have  defied 
the  current,  and  ply  regularly  on  the  river  during  the  sea- 
son of  open  water.  Missioi'  schools  are  numerous  and  rein- 
deer scarce.  Tiio  fur  trade  wanes,  wiiilo  many  thousands  of 
dollars  in  gold  dust  have  been  laboriously  extracted  from 
the  gravels.  The  natives  buy  tea  and  flour  and  dress  in 
woolen  clothing.  With  the  miners  whisky  has  reached  the 
wilderness,  and  the  sound  of  the  American   language  is 

/ 


ALASKA   AS  IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


135 


heard  in  the  land.  Tame  reindeer  have  been  imported  from 
Siberia  with  a  view  to  their  domestication  by  the  Eskimo 
of  the  Arctic  coast,  who  are  on  the  verge  of  starvation  at 
frequent  intervals,  owing  to  the  destruction  of  tlieir  food 
supply  by  the  whalers  and  walrus-hunters  and  the  intro- 
duction of  Winchester  rifles  for  killing  the  wild  deer.  With 
the  alternative  of  starvation  as  a  stimulus,  the  chances  of 
success  ought  to  be  good. 

In  carrying  out  the  plans  which  Kennicott  had  medi- 
tated, but  which  death  had  stayed,  I  had  succeeded  in  gath- 
ering rather  abundant  material  for  my  friends,  the  orni- 
thologists, botanists,  ethnologists,  and  so  on, but  to  do  it  I  had 
to  put  aside  the  work  in  the  department  in  which  I  person- 
allv  was  most  interested.     The  shores  of  Norton  sound  and 

ft/ 

the  tundra  of  the  Yukon  valley  offered  little  in  the  way  of 
raollusks  or  other  invertebrates.  The  desire  to  extend  our 
knowledge  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  sea  fauna 
led  me  to  propose  a  further  exploration  of  the  coasts  of  the 
territory,  especially  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey.  A  geographical 
rcconnai.ssance  was  undertaken  and  carried  on  during  five 
years,  investigating  magnetism  and  hydrology,  making 
charts,  tidal  observations,  meteorological  and  hypsometric 
notes.  In  all  this  I  was  ably  seconded  by  my  companions, 
Mark  W.  Harrington  and  Marcus  Baker,  wlio  need  no  in- 
troduction to  this  audience.  At  the  same  time  and  without 
interfering  with  the  regular  work  the  dredge  was  kept  con- 
stantly busy,  and  on  my  return  from  field-work  the  material 
for  the  studies  I  had  so  long  looked  forward  to  was  actually 
gathered. 

The  region  which  includes  the  Aleutian  chain  and  other 
islands  west  of  Kadiak  presents  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
densely  wooded  mountains  and  shining  glaciers  of  the  Sit- 
kan  region  to  the  east  and  the  rolling  tundra  cut  by  myriad 
rivers  in  tho  north.  Approached  by  sea,  the  AleuMan  islands 
seem  gloomy  and  inhospitable.  Omnipresent  fog  wreaths 
hang  about  steep  cliffs  of  dark  volcanic  rock.    An  angry 


136 


DALL. 


"      II 


< 


surf  vibrates  to  and  fro  amid  outstanding  pinnacles,  where 
innumerable  sea  birds  wheel  and  cry.  The  angular  hills 
and  long  slopes  of  talus  are  not  softened  by  any  arboreseeufc 
veil.  The  infrequent  villages  nestle  behind  sheltering  bluffs, 
and  are  rarely  visible  from  without  the  harbors.  In  winter 
all  the  heights  are  wrapped  in  snow,  and  storms  of  terrific 
violence  drive  commerce  from  the  sea  about  them. 

Once  pass  within  the  harbors  during  summer  and  the  repel- 
lent features  of  the  landscape  seem  to  vanish.  The  moun- 
tain sides  are  clothed  with  soft  yet  vivid  green  and  brilliant 
with  many  flowers.  The  perfume  of  the  spring  blossoms  is 
often  heavy  on  the  air.  The  lowlands  are  shoulder  high  with 
herbage,  and  the  total  absence  of  trees  gives  to  the  land- 
scape an  individuality  all  its  own.  No  more  fascinating 
prospect  do  I  know  than  a  view  of  the  harbor  of  Unalashka 
from  a  hilltop  on  a  sunny  day,  with  the  curiously  irregular, 
verdant  islands  set  in  a  sea  of  celestial  blue,  the  shorelines 
marked  by  creamy  surf,  the  ravines  by  brooks  and  water- 
falls, the  occasional  depressions  by  small  lakes  shining  in 
the  sun. 

The  sea  abounds  with  fish ;  the  offshore  rocks  are  the  re- 
sort of  sea-lions  and  formerly  of  sea-otters ;  tlie  streams  afford 
the  trout-fisher  abundant  sport,  and  about  their  mouths  the 
red  salmon  leap  and  play.  In  October  the  hillsides  offer 
store  of  berries,  and  in  all  this  land  there  is  not  a  poisonous 
reptile  or  dangerous  wild  animal  of  any  sort. 

The  iniiabitants  of  these  islands  arc  an  interesting  and 
peculiar  race.  Their  characteristics  have  been  well  de- 
scribed by  Veniaminoff,  who  knew  and  loved  them.  By  the 
testimony  of  their  language,  physique,  and  culture  they  are 
sliown  to  be  a  branch  of  the  Eskimo  stock,  driven  from  the 
continent,  as  the  shell-heaps  reveal,  at  a  very  ancient  date 
and  isolated  since  from  contact  with  any  other  native  race, 
specialized  and  developed  by  their  peculiar  environment  to 
a  remarkable  degree.  Conquered  by  the  Russian  hunters  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  practically  enslaved  for  a  century, 
their  ancient  religion  frankly  abandoned  for  the  rites  of  the 


1 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


137 


Greek  church,  an  apathetic  reticeuco  replaced  the  rollicking 
good  nature  characteristic  of  the  Eskimo  people.  In  18G5 
they  were  supported  hy  the  company;  the  men  shipped  off 
in  hunting  parties  in  search  of  tiie  sea-otter  were  separated 
from  their  families  sometimes  for  many  months  and  re- 
warded according  to  their  success;  but,  while  the  company 
provided  food  for  all  who  needed  it,  the  time  of  the  Aleut 
was  not  his  own.  I  have  already  mentioned  that  the  fur- 
seal  at  that  time  had  very  little  commercial  value.  The 
fishery  on  the  Pribiloff  islands  was  conducted  by  Aleuts 
under  supervision,  and  the  skins  were  mostly  shipped  to 
China  or  Europe.  It  has  been  noted  as  surprising  that  the 
value  of  the  fur-seal  fishery  is  so  little  referred  to  in  the  argu- 
ments urging  the  acquisition  of  the  territory  in  18G7.  This 
was  not  an  oversight;  the  seal  fisheries  at  that  time  were 
not  especially  lucrative,  and  the  millions  which  the  industry 
has  since  produced  could  not  have  been  predicted  in  1867. 

At  the  time  of  my  first  visit  and  until  very  recently  the 
sole  productive  industry  of  the  Aleut  people  consisted  in  the 
sea-otto"  hunting  and  the  fur-seal  fishery.  Much  of  their 
subsistence  was  anu  is  obtained  from  the  natural  products 
of  the  region — fish,  wild  fowl,  and  the  flesii  of  marine  mam- 
mals. The  custom  of  preparing  clothing  from  the  skins  of 
birds  and  animals  has  long  been  abandoned.  The  Aleut  and 
his  family  now  dress  in  clothing  of  wool  or  cotton,  burn 
kerosene  in  an  American  lamp,  and  cook  their  food  on  an 
iron  stove.  The  barabora  or  native  hut,  built  of  sod  and 
stones,  has  been  generally  replaced  by  a  frame  cottage,  and 
the  means  for  supplying  these  artificial  wants  has  been  ob- 
tained from  the  income  derived  from  the  seal  and  sea-otter. 
Now  that  these  animals  are  approaching  extinction,  at  least 
from  a  commercial  standpoint,  the  question  of  how  to  pro- 
vide oven  the  modest  income  needed  for  these  people  is  a 
serious  one.  While  it  is  not  yet  settled  that  the  half-starved 
Eskimo  of  the  northern  coast  will  adopt  the  new  mode  of 
life  necessiated  by  the  care  and  maintenance  of  large  herds 
of  tame  reindeer,  and  the  success  of  that  experiment  is  still 


1' 

138 

DALL. 

questionable,  there  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  intro- 
duction of  the  deer  into  the  Aleutian  chain  is  not  only  per- 
fectly practicable,  but  that  it  offers  the  only  solution  of  the 
problem  of  providing  for  the  Aleuts  which  seems  to  possess 
the  elements  necessary  for  success.  There  are  no  predacious 
animals  to  molest  the  doer,  like  the  wolves  of  the  mainland; 
there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  forage,  and  the  climate  and 
conditions  are  those  that  the  animal  is  known  to  thrive  in. 
A  herd  introduced  a  few  years  ago  into  Bering  island,  on 
the  Russian  coast,  and  simply  let  alone  and  protected  from 
dogs,  has  increased  very  much  in  number  and  will  soon 
afford  skins  and  tallow  for  export.  There  is  no  obvious  rea- 
son why  on  most  of  the  Aleutian  islands  equally  good  re- 
sults should  not  be  obtained.  Some  few  deer  were  intro- 
duced upon  the  island  of  Amaknak,  in  the  bay  of  Unalashka, 
a  lew  years  since,  but  they  were  the  property  of  whites,  not 
natives,  were  not  protected  from  the  numerous  dogs  of  an 
adJAcent  settlement,  and  have  not  thriven. 

When  the  time  comes,  and  it  seems  not  far  away,  when 
the  natives  realize  that  they  must  depend  on  the  deer  to  re- 
place the  vanishing  fur  animals  as  a  source  of  income,  and 
when  they  can  acquire  property  in  deer,  I  believe  the  result 
will  be  all  that  could  be  wished. 

In  closing  this  summary  of  early  conditions  in  the  Terri- 
tory and  of  the  events  which  enabled  them  to  be  observed, 
it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  summarize  also  the  results  of 
the  scientific  work  of  those  years.  •  Of  course,  only  the  more 
important  points  can  be  alluded  to.  As  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Expedition  ended  by  a  withdrawal  from  the 
country,  and  was  the  occasion  of  a  large  expenditure  of 
money  with  no  return  to  its  promoters,  no  general  report 
was  ever  officially  prepared,  and  the  work  of  tiie  scientific 
corps  was  made  known  piecemeal  in  various  technical  jour- 
nals. The  published  results  were  associated  in  the  minds  of 
students  with  the  individual  authors  rather  than  with  the 
expedition  as  a  whole.  The  subsequent  work  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Coast  Survey,  which  in  fact  grew  out  of  the 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


139 


work  (lone  or  attempted  in  the  earlier  exploration,  has  been, 
so  far  as  it  was  geographical,  regarded  very  naturally  as  in- 
cidental to  the  usual  work  of  tliat  bureau,  and  so  far  as  it 
has  been  of  other  sorts  has  not  been  connected  in  the  public 
mind  with  any  organization  in  particular.  The  fact  that" 
the  Revenue  Marine,  tlie  Army  and  Navy,  the  Signal  Serv- 
ice, and  several  unofficial  organizations  or  individuals  have 
carried  out  praiseworthy  explorations  with  most  excellent 
results  has  led  to  the  further  obscuration  of  the  earlier  work 
ns  a  connected  whole.  I  believe  no  one  of  those  engaged  in 
it  has  yet  attempted  to  enumerate  the  results,  either  general 
or  scientific,  directly  or  indirectly  consequent  upon  the  expe- 
dition. The  present  summary  may  therefore  serve  a  useful 
purpose. 

The  most  important  result  which  indirectly  came  about 
from  the  ex{)lorations  by  our  parties  was  tiie  acfjuisition  of 
Alaska  by  the  United  States.  Wiiile  the  transfer  might  have 
been  proposed  and  the  question  discussed  if  there  never  had 
been  any  Telegraph  expedition,  yet  I  believe,  in  view  of  the 
opposition  which  existed  in  Congress  and  tiie  cheap  ridicule 
of  part  of  the  daily  press,  that  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  in- 
terest excited  by  the  expedition  and  the  information  which 
its  members  were  able  to  furnish  to  the  friends  of  the  pur- 
cljase  the  proposition  would  have  failed  to  win  approval. 

But,  leaving  such  questions  apart  and  considering  merely 
the  scientific  results,  the  expedition  made  weiglity  additions 
to  geographical  knowledge.  To  it  we  owe  the  first  mapping 
of  the  Yukon  from  actual  exploration,  adding  to  the  list  of 
American  rivers  one  of  the  largest  known.  Old  maps  of 
North  America  made  the  Rocky  mountains  extend  in  nearly 
a  straight  line  northward  to  tlie  Polar  sea.  Our  explora- 
tions showed  that  the  mountains  curved  to  the  westward, 
leaving  a  gaj)  to  the  nortiiward  through  which  the  Canadian 
fauna  reached  to  the  sliores  of  the  Pacific  and  Bering  sea. 
The  general  faunal  distribution  of  life  at  this  end  of  the  con- 
tinent in  its  broader  sense  was  settled  then  and  there.  A 
general  knowledge  of  tiie  country,  till  then  practically  un- 

20-Bull.  Phil.  Soc,  Wash.,  Vol.  13. 


Stif-' 


I 


{  ' 


m 


140 


DALL. 


m 


(I 


1!  , 


IcDowu  except  to  a  few  fur  traders,  was  obtained  and  made 
public.  To  the  Coast  Survey  work  of  1871-74  wo  owe  some 
forty  charts,  a  large  proportion  of  which  are  of  harbors  or 
passages  never  previously  surveyed.  In  preparing  a  Coast 
Pilot  of  southeastern  Alaska,  while  that  part  of  it  useful  to 
navigators  was  in  the  nature  of  things  rapidly  superseded, 
yet  the  work,  being  conscientious  and  thorough  in  the 
matter  of  names,  practically  settled  the  geographic  nomen- 
clature of  that  region  for  all  time.  The  myth  of  a  branch  of 
the  Kuro  Siwo  or  Japanese  warm  current  running  north 
through  Bering  sea  and  strait  and  producing  open  water  in 
the  Polar  sea  still  lingers  in  some  dark  corners  of  geographic 
literature;  but  our  researches,  covering  actual  observation, 
the  whole  literature,  and  scores  of  old  manuscript  logbooks, 
conclusively  show  that  there  is  no  such  current  as  that 
referred  to,  and  thnt  the  currents  which  do  exist  have  no 
connection  whatever  with  the  Japanese  stream.  Meteoro- 
logical observations  were  kept  up  in  all  those  years,  and 
afterward  a  complete  synopsis  of  all  the  recorded  meteoro- 
logical data  for  that  region  was  prepared  and  issued  by  the 
Coast  Survey  with  abundant  illustrations.  One  of  the  re- 
sults of  the  magnetic  observations  made  by  our  party,  in  the 
endeavor  to  correct  the  discrepancies  between  the  variation 
of  the  compass  needle  as  shown  on  the  charts  of  Bering  sea 
and  strait  and  those  observed  by  present  navigators,  was  the 
discovery  that  the  needle  had  reached  its  easternmost  elon- 
gation and  had  for  some  time  been  receding  in  the  amount 
of  its  variation.  In  gathering  confirmatory  data  during 
1874  and  1880  more  than  forty  stations  in  all  parts  of  the 
territory  were  occupied.  As  in  the  case  of  the  meteorology, 
the  literature  and  all  practicable  sources  were  ransacked 
for  magnetic  records,*  and  tiiese,  with  our  own  ob.scrvations, 
were  utilized  in  the  excellent  discussions  of  Alaskan  mag- 
netism by  Dr.  C.  A.  Schott. 

In  geology  we  were  tutored  before  sailing  in  1865  by  Pro- 
fessor Agassiz  and  carried  with  us  a  written  schedule  of  ob- 


*This  work  was  almost  entirely  done  by  Mr.  Mm  reus  Baker. 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS    AND   IS. 


141 


servatlons  to  be  made  on  the  glaciers.  Our  explorations 
showed  that  north  of  the  Alaskan  mountains,  as  in  some 
parts  of  Siberia,  there  are  no  glaciers,  and  there  has  been  no 
glaciution  in  t!ie  ordinary  sense,  but  that  in  its  stead  we 
have  the  singular  phenomenon  of  the  Ground-ice  formation, 
a  state  of  affairs  in  wiiich  ice  plays  the  part  of  a  more  or  less 
regularly  interstratified  rock,  above  which  are  the  clays  con- 
taining remains  of  the  mammoth  and  other  animals,  show- 
ing that  they  became  extinct  not  because  of  the  refrigeration 
of  the  region,  but  coincideutly  with  the  coming  of  a  warmer 
climate. 

In  anthropology,  in  addition  to  large  collections  obtained 
from  the  living  tribes,  vocabularies,  etc.,  the  names  and 
boundaries  of  all  the  tribes  were  obtained  for  the  first  time, 
the  Eskimo  were  .shown  to  exist  on  the  Asiatic  coast  as  im- 
migrants driven  by  war  from  America,  and  a  very  anf;ient 
confusion  of  these  people  with  the  Asiatic  Chukchi  was  defi- 
nitely cleared  up.  The  data  obtained  in  regard  to  the  various 
branches  of  the  Eskimo  stock  brought  welcome  confirmation 
to  the  theory  of  Rink  on  the  origin  of  this  people — a  theor}' 
which  would  probably  have  been  by  this  time  more  widely 
known  if  it  had  been  more  sensational  and  loss  scientific. 

The  patient  exannnation  of  many  village  sites,  shell-heaps, 
and  middens  throughout  the  Aleutian  chain  resulted  in  the 
discovery  that  the  successive  strata,  judged  by  the  imple- 
ments found  in  them,  showed  a  gradual  progress  in  culture 
from  that  of  the  lowest,  a  crude  Eskimo  type,  to  that  of  the 
up[)ermost  stratum,  which  contained  the  evidences  of  Aleut 
culture  of  the  type  immodiately  before  their  subjugation  by 
the  Russians.  This  was,  I  believe,  at  that  time  the  first  in- 
stance in  which  the  paleontologic  method,  if  I  may  call  it  so, 
had  been  applied  to  the  study  of  American  shell-heaps. 

In  biology,  the  first  object  of  the  work  planned  by  Ken- 
nicott  had  been  the  determination  of  what  constituted  the 
fauna  and  flora,  and  from  that  knowledge  the  determination 
of  the  relations  between  the  Asiatic  and  American  assem- 
blies.   This  was  accomplished  in  essentials,  though  it  need 


^^1^ 


H2 


DALL. 


uot  be  said  that  the  details  will  still  supply  an  opportunity 
for  study  for  many  a  year  to  come.  The  enumeration  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  population  of  mammals,  birds,  and  fishes 
has  been  accomplished  and  the  plants  have  been  fairly  well 
collected,  so  that  we  know  that  the  fauna  and  flora,  deduc- 
tion being  madeof  circumboreal  species,  is  essentially  Ameri- 
can and  uot  tinctured  to  any  marked  extent  with  Asiatic  in- 
gredients. Among  the  lower  animals  the  brachiopods, 
hydroid  zoophytes  and  corallines;  part  of  the  sjwnges  ;  the 
limpets,  chitons,  and  nudibranchs  among  the  mollusks ;  have 
been  monographically  studied.  The  Crustacea,  insects,  and 
a  large  part  of  the  mollusks  yet  remain  to  bo  worked  up 
in  a  similar  manner. 

To  close  the  record  of  achievement,  I  may  mer  )n  the 
bibliography  of  A1..3kan  literature  prepared  by  ^i  Baker 
and  myself,  which,  up  to  May,  1879,  when  it  went  to  press, 
comprised  3,832  titles  in  eleven  languages.  Since  it  was 
published  by  the  Coast  Survey  nearly  as  many  more  have 
been  accumulated,  and  the  list  probably  will  continue  to 
increase  from  year  to  year. 

Since  my  field-work  closed,  in  1880,  Alaskans  have  not 
been  idle.  The  prospector  has  invaded  the  recesses  of  the 
land,  and  surveys,  explorations,  and  mountaineering  have 
been  almost  constantly  carried  on.  The  tourist  has  discov- 
ered the  country  and  written  books  which,  although  they 
have  the  resemblance  of  one  ])ea  to  another,  have  neverthe- 
less carried  tidings  of  Alaska  to  most  corners  of  the  Union. 
Alaska  in  one  sense  is  no  longer  unknown,  and  she  is  even 
beginning  to  be  somewhat  understood  and  appreciated.  The 
missionary  has  been  up  and  down  in  the  land,  and  has  done 
much  good  in  many  ways,  not  without  occasional  mistakes. 

It  was,  therefore,  with  curiosity  as  well  as  interest  that  I 
returned  to  the  territory  last  May,  after  an  absence  of  fifteen 
years.  In  looking  back  on  the  summer's  experiences,  a  com- 
parison between  the  Alaska  of  18G5  and  that  of  1805  natur- 
ally suggests  itself.  I  was  rasli  enough  twenty-five  years 
ago  to  indulge  in  prophecy  as  to  the  future  of  tlic  territory. 


^•i.^ 

%, 


t  ■ 


m<in*rmtMmm* 


ALASKA   AS   IT   WAS   AND   IS. 


143 


I  did  not  count  on  the  inertia  of  Congress  or  tKj  stupidity 
of  oflicitils,  ns  I  might  now.  Nevertheless  progress  has  been 
made,  and  a  summary  of  present  conditions,  perhaps  even 
a  peep  into  the  future,  is  not  inappropriate  at  this  time. 

Since  18G5  tlio  fur-seal  fishery  has  risen,  produced  its  mil- 
lions, and  declined  to  a  point  where  its  close  in  a  connnercial 
sense  may  almost  be  predicted.  The  first  fisherman  sought 
the  cod  in  that  year,  and  a  modest  fieet  has  kept  the  busi- 
ness going  ever  since,  with  more  or  less  fluctuation  in  the 
catch.  The  salmon  caniior  was  then  unknown,  but  has  since 
invaded  nearly  every  important  fishing  site.  The  placer 
miner  has  developed  and  exhausted  the  gold  of  the  Stikine 
region,  and  pushed  on  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yukon  and 
its  afilucnts.  The  clink  of  the  drill  and  the  monotonous 
beat  of  the  stamp-mill  are  familiar  sounds  on  the  quartz 
ledges,  which  in  1805  lay  peacefully  under  their  blankets  of 
m  jss.  The  whaling  fieet  has  laid  its  bones  on  the  sandy 
bars  -f  the  Arctic  coast,  while  the  innovating  steam  whaler 
has  pushed  its  way  past  Point  Barrow  into  the  very  fastness 
of  the  ice  at  llerschel  island,  to  find,  in  its  turn,  its  occupa- 
tion gradually  passing  away.  The  imperial  sea-otter  is  on 
the  way  to  becoming  a  memory,  and  the  Aleuts,  his  perse- 
cutors, are  not  unlikely  to  follow  him. 

As  regards  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory,  a  complete 
change  is  conspicuous.  Some  thousands  of  white  fishermen, 
hunters,  minors,  and  {)rospectors  are  now  scattered  along  the 
coast  and  rivers,  on  the  whole  a  hard-working,  orderly  set, 
with  here  and  there  a  rascally  whisky  smuggler  or  a  stranded 
gentleman.  Apart  from  a  few  mining  camps,  the  parasites 
who  live  by  the  vices  of  others  are  few.  A  country  where 
he  who  would  live  must  work  is  not  attractive  to  them.  Cut 
off  from  direct  contact  with  the  rest  of  the  United  States, 
Alaska  is  really  a  colony  and  not  a  frontier  territory  in  the 
sense  usually  understood.  As  such,  its  needs  should  have 
been  the  subject  of  study  and  appropriate  legislation,  the 
neglect  of  which  by  Congress  so  far  is  bitterly  and  justly 
resented  by  the  entire  population.     Into  political  matters  I 


144 


BALL. 


I   1 


shall  not  enter,  but  must  observe  that  among  the  numerous 
ill-paid  officials  few  are  well  prepared  to  handle  all  the  difii- 
cult  questions  presenled  in  such  a  community,  and  the  ex- 
ecutive, such  as  it  is,  is  without  the  legal  authority'  or  the 
proper  facilities  for  governing  or  even  visiting  the  greater 
part  of  the  region  it  is  supposed  to  control.  Tlie  state  of  the 
law  is  uncertain,  the  seat  of  authority  obscure,  divided  ille- 
gitimately between  naval  officers,  the  revenue-cutter  service, 
and  a  powerless  governor,  who,  whatever  his  wishes  and 
intentions,  is  not  permitted  by  the  law  to  control  anything. 
If  it  were  not  for  the  orderly  character  and  good  sense  of 
the  white  population,  the  territory  might  easily  become  a 
pandemonium.  This  condition  of  things  is  disgraceful,  and 
reform  is  urgently  needed. 

The  change  in  the  native  population  of  southeastern 
Alaska  is  very  marked.  In  a  general  way  a  similar  ciiange 
has  taken  place  all  over  the  territory.  The  primitive  con- 
dition of  the  natives  has  almost  wholly  disappeared.  The 
turf-covered  hut  has  given  way  to  frame  shanties ;  log  houses 
are  rarely  buiU;  the  native  dress  has  disappeared,  replaced 
by  cheap  ready-made  clothing;  native  manufactures,  uten- 
sils, weapons,  curios,  all  are  gone,  or  made  only  in  coarse 
facsimile  for  sale  to  tourists;  the  native  buys  flour  and  tea, 
cooks  his  salmon  in  a  frying-pan,  and  catches  his  cod  or 
halibut  with  a  Birmingham  hook  and  a  Gloucester  line.  In 
the  whole  of  southern  Alaska,  thanks  to  the  schools,  the 
children  and  mauy  young  people  speak  fairly  good  English. 
If  the  pres?nt  influences  continue,  another  generation  will 
see  the  use  of  English  universal  and  the  native  languages 
chiefly  obsolete.  The  day  of  the  ethnological  collector  is 
past.  Southeastern  Alaska  is  swept  clean  of  relics;  hardly 
a  shaman's  grave  remains  inviolate. 

In  other  parts  of  the  territory  the  same  is  more  or  less 
true.  The  native  population  is  focusing  about  the  commer- 
cial centers.  The  people  gather  whore  work  and  trade  aff'ord 
opportu.iities,  and  I  have  seen  more  than  oue  pretentious 
church  standing  empty  among  the  abandoned  houses  of  a 


I  ,'1 

i 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


145 


formerly  prosperous  village.  There  is  some  admixture  of 
blood  iu  marriages  between  the  often  attractive  "  Creole " 
women  and  the  incoming  settlers.  'hese  marriages  are 
often  very  fruitful,  but  the  pure-blooded  natives  seem  to  be 
diminishing.  The  Aleuto,  whose  census  is  accurately  made 
annually  by  the  Greek  church,  are  distinctly  losing  ground, 
and  will  doubtless  pass  away  v  a  few  generations.  The 
same  is  probably  true  of  the  Tliukit  people.  As  we  ap- 
proach the  Arctic  region,  changes  of  ".ll  sorts  are  less  marked 
and  civilization  has  had  less  effL^oc.  Here  the  subsistence 
of  the  natives  presents  serious  and  increasing  difficulties. 
Their  natural  food  supply  has  been  practically  destroyed 
by  the  whites  and  by  repeating  firearms,  of  which  the 
natives  have  many.  The  whales  are  almost  extinct,  and 
the  whaling  fleet  itself  is  nearly  so.  The  walrus  preceded 
the  whale,  and  the  hair  seal  has  never  been  sufficiently 
abundant  in  this  region  for  a  sole  resource.  The  chief 
salmon  streanis  are  or  soon  will  be  monopolized  by  the 
whites  near  the  sea,  and  the  natives  of  the  upper  Yukon 
will  go  hungry.  The  present  law  allows  unrestricted  fish- 
ing to  the  natives  and  a  close  time  of  one  day  a  week  for 
the  whites.  The  latter  hire  the  natives  to  fish  during  the 
prohibited  day,  and  so  the  salmon  have  no  close  time. 
Where  a  salmon  stream  is  monopolized  by  one  firm,  they 
do  not  usually  cut  their  own  throats  by  taking  all  the 
sahvion,  but  wiiere  there  are  several  competing  firms  there 
is  little  respite  for  the  fish. 

The  cod  fishery  was  for  some  years  carried  on  by  two 
competing  firms,  who  have  now  composed  their  differences. 
They  had  salting  stations  on  shore,  and  bought  fish  at  so 
much  a  thousand  from  fishermen,  who  used  small  sailing 
vessels  or  dories  and  fished  near  shore.  Now  it  is  found 
cheaper  and,  for  other  reasons,  preferable  to  return  to  the 
older  system  of  fishing  in  the  open  sea  from  a  sea-going 
vessel,  as  on  the  banks  at  the  east.  The  preparation  of  the 
Alaska  fish  has  often  been  hasty,  careless,  and  inferior  to 
that  done  in  the  east;  so  Alaska  codfish,  originally  of  equal 


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DALL. 


quality,  are  less  esteemed  commercially  than  the  eastern 
cod.  For  some  reason  I  do  not  understand  the  Pacific 
ocean  at  best  offers  but  a  small  market  for  fish  under  pres- 
ent conditions,  and  so  I  look  to  see  the  codfishing  industry 
develop  slowly  and  perhaps  be  the  last  as  it  is,  in  my  opin- 
ion, the  most  substantial  and  important  of  the  resources  of 
the  territory.  At  present  the  salmon  are  commercially 
more  important,  but  unless  more  effectively  supervised  and 
regulated  they  will  meet  with  the  same  fate  as  the  fisheries 
of  C;^liforuia  and  the  Columbia  river.  There  should  be  a 
resident  inspector  at  every  important  fishery,  and  as  the 
business  is  carried  on  for  at  most  two  or  three  months  in 
the  year,  a  vigilant  inspection  by  a  cutter  or  fisheries  vessel 
told  off  for  this  especial  work  would  counteract  any  tendency 
to  bribe  the  resident  inspector.  1  hive  seen  3,500,000 
pounds  of  canned  salmon  taken  in  one  season  from  one 
small  stream,  representing  at  least  5,000,000  pounds  of  eat- 
able fish,  and  it  seems  that  an  annual  supply  of  the  best  fish 
food  like  that  is  worth  preserving;  but  if  the  work  is  to  be 
put  into  the  hands  of  the  lowest  class  of  political  appointees 
instead  of  intelligent  experts,  making  the  offices  will  not 
save  the  fish. 

In  the  matter  of  furs  we  may  regard  the  fur-seal  fishery 
as  doomed.  It  is  probable  that  few  of  the  pelagic  sealers 
will  pay  expenses  after  this  season,  and  two  or  three  years 
are  likely  to  see  the  end  of  the  brjiness.  It  is  costing  us 
much  more  than  the  catch  is  worth  now,  and  the  most 
sensible  way  of  ending  the  matter  is  generally  felt  to  be  the 
destruction  at  one  fell  swoop  of  all  the  seals  remaining  on 
the  islands  and  the  abandonment  of  the  business. 

The  continental  furs, owing  to  competition  between  traders, 
are  now  selling  for  nearly  their  full  market  value,  and  little 
profit  can  be  expected  from  them.  They  are  also  growing 
more  and  more  scarce,  as  the  high  prices  stimulate  trapping. 
The  natural  and  satisfactory  offs?t  to  this  would  be  the  estab- 
lishment of  preserves,  such  as  the  "  fox  farms,"  of  which  men- 
tion has  been  frequently  made  in  the  daily  press.     Many  of 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


147 


these  have  been  started,  and  the  multitudinous  ishmds  offer 
opportunities  for  many  more;  but  the  business  is  hazardous, 
since  there  is  no  protection  against  poachers,  and  a  very  ill- 
judged  attempt  has  been  made  by  the  Treasury,  I  am  in- 
formed, to  impose,  in  addition  to  the  annual  sum  for  vvliich 
the  island  is  leased,  a  "tax"  of  $5  on  each  fox  killed  over 
twenty  from  each  "  farm."  It  is  doubtful  if  the  Treasury  is 
entitled  to  tax  anybody  without  the  explicit  authority  of 
Congress,  and  a  tax  of  50  per  cent,  on  the  gross  value  of  the 
product  not  only  is  oppressive  and  exorbitant,  but  will  put 
a  stop  to  a  business  which  should  be  encouraged. 

The  timber  of  Alaska,  though  by  no  means  insignificant, 
is  not  likely  to  be  much  sought  for,  except  for  local  purposes, 
for  many  years.  I  may  point  out,  however,  that  there  are 
millions  of  acres  here  densely  covered  with  the  spruce  best 
suited  for  wood  pulp,  and  plenty  of  water  power  for  pulp- 
mills,  so  that  this  resource  is  not  without  a  future. 

A  forthcoming  report  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  will  treat  of  the  existiug  and  prospective  mining 
industries. 

To  sum  up,  it  may  be  said  that  the  whaling  and  sealing 
industries  of  Alaska  are  practically  exhausted,  the  fur  trade 
is  in  its  decadence,  the  salmon  canning  in  the  full  tide  of 
prosperity,  but  conducted  in  a  wasteful  and  destructive  man- 
ner which  cannot  long  be  continued  with  impunity.  The 
cod  and  herring  fisheries  are  imperfectly  developed,  but 
have  a  substantial  future  with  proper  treatment.  Mineral 
resources  and  timber  have  hardly  been  touched.  No  busi- 
ness-like ox[)eriment  with  sheep  or  cattle  on  the  islands  has 
been  tried  by  competent  hands,  while  the  introduction  of 
reindeer,  though  promising  well,  is  still  in  the  experimental 
stage.  Socially,  the  territory  is  in  a  transition  state,  the 
industries  of  the  unexploited  wilderness  are  passing  away, 
while  the  time  of  steady,  business-like  dovelopment  of  the 
more  latent  resources  has  not  yet  arrived.  The  magnificent 
scenery,  glaciers,  and  ',  olcanoes  make  it  certain  that  Alaska 
will  in  the  future  be  to  the  rest  of  the  United  States  what  Nor- 


!1 


21  -Uull.  Phil.  Soe.  Wash.,  Vol.  1.3. 


148 


CALL. 


■.!l 


"I 

,sl 
lit 


:  I 


way  is  to  western  Europe — the  goal  of  tourists,  hunters,  and 
fishermen.  Agriculture  will  be  restricted  to  gardening  and 
the  culture  of  quick-growing  and  hardy  vegetables  for  local 
use.  The  prosecution  of  most  Alaskan  industries  being  in 
untrained  hands,  failures  and  disappointment  will  uo  doubt 
be  frequent,  but  when  the  pressure  of  population  enforces 
more  sensible  methods  the  territory  will  support  in  rea- 
sonable comfort  a  fair  number  of  hardy  and  industrious 
inhabitants. 


List  of  Sciendjic  Pablications  based  on  the  ivork  of  the  Scien- 
tific Corps  of  the  Western  Union  Telccjraph  Expedition  to 
/l/as^a(1865-'68),  and  on  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  ex- 
plorations (^1871-'80),  undei'  the  direction  of  W.  II.  Dall,  in 
the  same  region. 

The  following  list  is  intended  to  comprise  the  titles,  in 
brief,  of  the  more  important  publications  which  have  arisen 
directly  from  the  work  of  the  Scientific  Corps  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Expedition,  and  of  the  supplemental  ex- 
plorations by  parties  under  my  direction,  in  connection  with 
the  work  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  in 
the  endeavor  to  complete  the  interrupted  plans  of  the  earlier 
expedition.  For  a  more  complete  Alaskan  bibliography,  to 
1879,  reference  may  be  had  to  the  publication  on  that  topic 
hereunder  cited.  The  present  list  is  brought  to  date,  but 
publications  relating  only  to  Siberia  are  not  included  ;  it 
does  comprise,  in  addition  to  articles  printed  by  memljcrs  of 
the  expedition,  others  by  specialists  in  various  departments 
based  on  collections  brought  back  for  study.  Considerations 
of  space  forbid  an  attempt  to  make  this  list  complete,  but, 
such  as  it  is,  it  is  hoped  that  it  may  give  a  better  idea  of  the 
additions  to  knowledge  which  resulted  from  the  labors  of 
Kennicott  and  his  associates  and  serve  to  illustrate  a  not  un- 
interesting chapter  in  the  exploration  of  Northwest  America. 
It  should,  however,  be  clearly  understood  that  a  considerable 
amount  of  exploration,  growing  out  of  subsequent  events  not 


Id 

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in 

It 

IS 


ALASKA    AS   IT  WAS   AND   IS. 


149 


connected  with  the  Telegraph  expedition,  has  produced  a  re- 
8}  ectable  body  of  literature  which  finds  no  place  in  the  pres- 
ent list  as  above  limited. 

The  members  of  the  Scientific  corps  in  18G5  were  Robert 
Kennicott,  H.  M.  Bannister,  F.  Bischoff,  W.  H.  Dall,  H.  W. 
Elliott,  Charles  Pease,  and  J.  T.  Rothrock.  In  the  scientific 
work  done  under  the  auspices  of  the  Coast  Survey  (1871-'85) 
I  was  joined  by  Mark  W.  Harrington  and  Marcus  Baker,  of 
the  Survey,  and  in  1880  by  T.  H.  Bean,  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 

Publications  by  Bush,  Dall,  Elliott,  Ken  nan,  and  others 
on  material  not  connected  with  the  explorations  previously 
enumerated  or  relating  wholly  to  Siberia  are  not  included  in 
the  list. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  EXPLORATION. 

(See  also  under  Meteorology  and  Geology.) 

Baker  (Marcus).     Boundary  line  between  Alaska  and  Siberia. 

Bull.  Phil.  Soc.  of  Wash.,  iv,  pp.  123-133,  1881,  with  maps. 

Dall  (William  Hoaley).    Report  on  the  operations  of  the  Scientific  Corps  of 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Expedition  during  the  season 
of  18G5. 
Proc.  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  i,  pp.  31,  32.     186(3. 

Explorations  in  Ruiisian  America. 

American  Journal  of  Science,  xlv,  pp.  96-99.    Jan.,  1868. 

Expioiation  of  tiie  interior  of  Rus-sian  America. 

^lining  and  Scientific  Press,  San  Fti  acisco,  Oct.  3  and  10,  18(58. 

Retiiarks  on  Ala    ;a. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  iv.  pp.  30-37,  268,  293,  294.     1808. 

Die  telegraphen  expedition  auf  dem  Jukon  in  Alaska. 

Peterinann's  Geogr.  Mittlieil.,  xv,  pp.  361-365,  with  map. 
Oct.,  1869.  , 

Alaska  and  its  resources. 

Lee  Si  Shepard,  Boston,  8°,  xii,  628  pp.,  15  pi.,  1  map.     1S70. 

Survey  of  Alaska. 

House  Reps.  Exec.  Doc.  No.  255,  41st  Congr.,  2d  sess.,  8°, 
Washington,  Gov't  Printing  Office,  May  11,  1870. 


150 


BALL. 


1.  .Ji 


Ill 


I 


Dall  (William  Healey).    On  exploration  in  Russian  America. 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  viii,  pp.  297,  298.     1870. 

Die  aufnahme  der  Aleuten  und  die  untersuchung  der  Behring 

See. 
In  Hydrogr.  Mittli.  Berlin,  1873,  pp.  316,  317.    Dec,  1873. 

Forscluingen  in  den  Aleutischen  Inseln,  1873. 

Peterraanu's  Mitth.,  xx,  pp.  151,  152.    March,  1874. 

Explorations  in  the  Aleutian  islands  and  their  vicinity. 

Journ.  Am.  Geogr.  Soc,  v,  pp.  243-245.     1874. 

Harbors  of  Alaska  and  the  tides  and  currents  in  their  vicinity. 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey  report  for  1872,  App.  10,  pp.  177-212.    1875. 

Arbeiten  der  Kiistenaufnahme  von  Alaska  in  jahre  1874. 

Peterraanu's  Mitth.,  xxi,  pp.  155,  156.     May,  1875. 

Report  of  explorations  on  the  coast  of  Alaska. 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey  report  for  1873,  App.  11,  pp.  lU-l  22.    1875. 

Report  on  Mount  St.  Elias,  with  map  and  view. 

In  same  for  1875,  App.  10,  pp.  157-188;  extras,  Xov.,  1875. 

Scientific  results  of  the  exploration  of  Alaska  by  the  parties  under 

the  charge  of  W.  II.  Dali,  during  the  years  1865-1874. 

Washington,  W.  II.  Dall,  1876-1880,  8°,  pp.  ^-276,  with  36 

plates. 
[A  uniformly  paged  reprint  of  papers  by  Dall  and  others  on 

various  topics.    The  pai)ers  will  be  referred  to  separately 

here.] 

Neuere  Forschungen  auf  den  Aleuten. 

Deutsche  Geogr.  Blatt.,  Bremen,  ii,  pp.  38-43  and  84-101, 
with  map,  Jan.  to  April,  1878. 

Alaska  forschungen  im  Sommer  1880. 

Petermann's  Geogr.  Mitth.  1881.  pp.  46,  47.     Fel).,  1881. 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey  operations  in  the  vicinity  of  Bering  strait. 

Proc.  Royal  Geogr.  Soc,  London,  Jan.,  1881,  pp.  47-49. 

Pacific  Coast  Pilot.    Coast  and  islands  of  Alaska.    Dixon  entrance 

to  Yakutat  bay  with  the  Inland  passage.    Washington,  U.  S. 
Coast  Survey,  1883. 

Royal  8°,  pp.  x,  333,  16  maps  and  13  plates. 
The  appendices  include: 

lj.«t  of  charts  useful  for  navigation  in  the  region. 

Isogonic  chart  of  Alaska  and  adjac^ent  region. 


ALASKA    AS    IT   WAS   AND   IS. 


151 


List  of  astronomical  positions  and  magnetic  declinations. 

Table  of  distancoa.    Table  of  routes. 

Note  on  pronunciation  of  native  and  Russian  names. 

Meteorological  tables.     Index  to  the  work. 

Indices  to  geographical  authorities  used  in  compiling  the 
work  and  nol  iwlcml  in  tlu'  orujbwl,  comprising  Beechey, 
killings,  Cook  and  King,  Dixon,  LangsdorfT,  La  Perousc, 
Lisianski,  Liitke,  ^Sleares,  Portlock,  Vancouver,  and  the 
voyage  of  the  Sutil  and  Mexicana  ( Alcala  Galiano). 

Dall  (William  Ilealey).    Alaska. 

American  Cyclopedia,  New  York,  Appleton,  1883,  with  map. 

On  the  position  of  Mt.  St.  Elias  and  the  Schwatka  expedition  to 

Alaska. 
Proc.  Royal  Geogr.  Soc,  x,  No.  7,  pp.  444,  445.    July,  1887. 

Alaska  revisited.    I-VI. 

The  Nation,  New  York,  1895,  vol.  61,  No.  lofiG,  pp.  6,  7,  July  4  ; 

No.  1507,  p.  24,  July  11;  No.  1572,  p.  UP,  Aug.  15;  No.    o<3. 

pp.  131,  132,  Aug.  22;  No.  157(5,  p.  183,  Sept.  12;  ^'>;^•';8, 

p  '>-^0  Sept  20.     Also  in  the  New  York  Evennig  Post  of 

Jufy  4,  n ,  Aug.  19,  22,  and  Sept.  21 ,  28,  1895. 

Rothrock  (Joseph  Trimble).     Northwestern  North  America ;  its  resources 

and  inhabitants. 

.       Joum.  Am.  Geogr.  Soc,  iv,  pp.  393-415.     New  York,  1374. 

Whymper  (Frederick).     A  journey  from  Norton  sound.  Bering  sea,  to 

FortYoukon.  ...         om  o^-     io«q 

Journ.  Roy.  Geogr.  Soc,  Tx)ndon,xxxvm,  pp.  219-20/.    1868. 

METEOROLOGYAND  HYDROLOGY. 

Bannister  (Henry  Martyn).     Meteorological  correspondence. 

Smithsonian  Report  for  1800,  pp.  411,  4 12.     18b<. 
Dall  (W.  H.)    Coast  Pilot  of  Alaska.     Appendix  I,  Meteorology  and  Bib- 
liography. 

376  pp.,  13  pi.,  28  maps,  4°,  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  1^.0. 

Uebcr  das  Klima  von  Alaska. 

Zeitscbr.  der  Oesterreichischen  Ges.  fiir  Meteorologie,  xvu, 
pp.  443,  444.     Nov.,  1882.    8°. 

, Hvdrologie  .les  Boring-Meeres  und  der  benachbarten  gewiisser. 

Petermann's  Mitth.,  pp.  301-380,  with  nxap  and  sections,  and 
pp.  44iM48.     Oct.  to  Nov.,  188). 


!i    : 


152 


DALL. 


Dall  (W.  H.)    Tlie  currents  and  teinperntures  of  Bering  sea  ami  the  ad- 
jacent waters. 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Report  for  1880,  A  pp.  No.  Ifi,  sejiarately 
printed,  4°,  pp.  46,  maps  and  section.     March,  1882. 

]M.\GNETISM. 

Schott  (Charles  A.)    U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.    Methods  and  re- 
sults.   Terrestrial  magnetism.    Collection  of  results  for  declina- 
tion, dip,  and  intensity  (etc.). 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Report  for  ISSl,  Ajip.  No.  9  (separately 
issued),  (37  pp..  4°,  1882;  cf.  pj).  5-7,  :{7-;5i). 

On  the  secular  variation  of  the  magnetic  declination  in  the  United 

States  (etc.). 

In  the  same.  Report  for  1882,  Appendices  12,  13,  pp.  211-328  ; 
also  separately ;  cf  pp.  243,  246-241),  285,  and  isogonic 
chart  of  Alaska. 

The  magnetic  observations  made  on  Bering's  first  voyage  (etc.). 

U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Bull.  No.  20,  vol.  i,  pp. 
211-214.     181H. 


HISTORY,  BIBLIOGRArilY,  AND  ECONOMICS. 

Dall  (W.  H.)     Robert  Kennicott. 

Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  part  2,  pp.  133-226,  with  por- 
trait.    1869. 

A  biographical  sketch  prepared  by  a  committee  of  the 
Academy  apiiointed  at  the  meeting  of  Nov.  13, 1866.  Dall's 
contribution  occupies  pp.  216-224. 

Is  .\laaka  a  paying  investment? 

Harper's  Monthly  Magazine,  xliv,  Jan.,  1872,  pp.  252-257. 

Abstract  of  the  population  of  the  native  tribes  of  Alaska. 

U.  S.  Comm'r  Indian  AlFuirs,  Rep.  for  1874,  pp.  11)8-201.  1875. 

Documents  relating  to  the  Alaskan  boundary  question. 

Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  146,  50th  Congr.,  2d  sess.  Washington, 
Govt.  I'rinting  Office,  1889,  8°,  pp.  1-40,  charts  10-17. 

A  critical  review  of  Bering's  fii-st  expedition,  1725-1730,  together 

with  a  translation  of  his  original  report  upon  it,  with  a  map. 
Nat.  Geogr.  Mag.,  ii,  No.  2,  June,  1890,  pp.  1-57. 

Geographical  explorations.     Early  ex[Mjditions  to  the  region  of 

Bering  sea  and  strait.     From  the  reports  and  journals  of  Vitus 


ALASKA    AS    IT   WAS   AND   IS. 


153 


Ivanovidi  Bering,  translated  by  Will iatn  Ilealey  Dall.  Wasli- 
in}.'ton,  GovernnH'nt  Printin};^  Ortioe,  18!)l. 

U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  Report  for  1S(»0,  Appendix  19,  pp.  750- 
774,  4°,  with  two  mapH.     March,  lSi)l. 

TliiH  i)aiMM-,  t-eparately  printed  as  above  with  title  pafje  and 
rover,  appears  in  the  annual  volume  with  the  following 
heading: 

"Notes  on  an  original  manuscript  chart  of  Bering's  expedi- 
tion of  172.")-!  7;?0,  and  on  an  original  manuscript  chart  of  his 
second  expedition,  together  with  a  summary  of  a  journal 
of  the  Hrst  expedition  kept  by  Peter  Chaplin  and  now  first 
rendered  into  English  from  Bergh's  Russian  version." 

Dall  (\V.  H.)  and  Baker  (Marcus).     Partial  list  of  charts,  maps,  and  pub- 
lications relating  to  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  region. 
U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,.  Pacific  Coast  Pilot,  Alaska, 
.«econd  series,  Appendix  1,  pp.   i()3-:375,  4°,  Washington, 
1S79 ;  also  separately. 


GEOLOGY  AND  PALEONTOLOGY.  ' 

(See  also  Bottmy.) 

Dall  (W.  H.)     Observations  on  the  geology  of  Alaska. 

U.  S.  Coiust  Survey,  Coast  Pilot  of  Alaska,  part  1,  pp.  193-202. 
]8()9.  1  ' 

Notes  on  Alaska  and  the  vicinity  of  Bering  strait. 

Am.  .Tourn.  Science,  thirdseries,  xxi,  pp.  104-111,  with  maps. 
Feb.,  1881. 

Note  on  Alaska  Tertiary  deposits. 

Am.  Journ.  Science,  third  series,  xxiv,  pp.  G7,  08,  July,  1882. 

Glaciation  in  Alaska. 

Proc.  I'liil.  Soc.  of  Washington,  1883,  vol.  vi,  pp.  33-30. 

,\  new  volcanic  island  in  Alaska. 

Science,  iii,  No.  51,  Jan.  25,  1884,  pp.  89-93. 

Further  notes  on  Bogoslotr  island. 

Science,  v,  No.  101,  Jan.  9,  1885,  pp.  32,  33. 

. Bulletin  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey,  No.84.  Correlation  Papers. 

Neocene,  by  William  Ilealey  Dall  and  Gilhert  Dennison  Harris  ; 
Wasliington,  (Jovernment  Printing  OlKce,  1892,  8°,  349  pp., 
with,  many  illustrations  and  ;>  maps. 

Geology  of  Alaska,  pp.  232-208,  with  nuvp. 


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White  (Cliarles  A.)    On  a  small  collection  of  Mcsozoio  fossilH  obtained  in 
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U.  S.  (iRol.  Survey,  Hnlletin  No.  4,  \Va.Hhin>rton,  the  Survey, 
1884,  pp.  lO-lT),  pi.  vi. 

FAUNAL  DISTKIBUTION. 

Dall  (W.  H.)    On  the  trend  of  the  Rocky  ^Mountain  ranpre  north  of  lati- 
tude (50°,  and  its  intluence  on  fauna!  distribution. 
Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  xviii,  p.  247.     Aur.,  181)9. 

On  the  marine  faunal  regiouH  of  the  North  Pacific  (etc.). 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  pp.  205-208 ;  Sci.  Results, 
pp.  1-4.     Dec,  187(5. 

Faunal   regions.     Distribution  of  plants  and  animals.     Charts 

xxvii  and  xxviii. 

In  Coast  Pilot  of  Alaska,  App.  I,  Meteorology.  Washingt(jn, 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  1879. 

ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Dall  (W.  H.)    On  the  distribution  of  the  native  tribes  of  Alaska. 

Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  18th  (Salem)  meeting,  18(59,  xviii, 
pp.  2G3-273,  1870.     Synopsis  in  Am.  Nat.     Oct.,  18(59. 

On  prehistoric  remains  in  the  Aleutian  islands. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  pp.  283-287.     Nov.,  1872. 

On  further  examinations  of  the  Amaknak  cave. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  pp.  19(5-200.     1873. 

Notes  on  some  Aleut  munmiies. 

Proc. -Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  V,  pp.  399,  400.     Oct.,  1874. 

Alaskan  mummies. 

Am.  Naturalist,  ix,  pp.  433-440.     Aug.,  1875. 

Triljos  of  the  extreme  Northwest. 

Art.  I.  On  the  distribution  and  nomenclature  of  the  native 
tribes  of  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  territory,  with  a  map, 
pp.  7-40. 

Art.  II.  On  succession  in  the  shell  heaps  of  the  Aleutian 
'  islands,  pp.  41-91. 

Art.  III.  Remarks  on  the  origin  of  the  Inmiit,  pp.  93-100. 

Terms  of  relationship  used  by  the  Innuit,  pp.  117-119. 

Table  showing  relationship  of  tribes  of  Puget  sound,  etc., 
p.  241. 

In  Contr.  to  Am.  Ethnology,  i,  4°,  Washington,  Gov't  Print- 
ing Office,  July,  1877  ;  extras.  May,  1877. 


ALASKA    AS    IT    WAS    AND    IS. 


155 


Dull  (W.  II.)    Social  lifo  amonK  our  aboriKinoH. 

Am.  NaturaliHt,  xii,  pp.  1-10.     Jan.,  1878. 

On  the  reiiiainH  of  later  preliistorlo  man  ohUiincd  from  wives  in 

the  Catharina  archipeliij,'o,  AluHka  Territory  (etc.). 
SmithHonianContr.toKno\vle.lgc,.')18,4°,  pp.  10,  10  pi.    1878. 

The  Chiikohos  and  their  neighbors  in  the  northeastern  extremity 

of  Siberia. 

Proo.  Roy.  Geogr.  Soc.,  London,  Sept.,  1881,  pp.  5(38-570. 
On  the  so-called  Chukchi  and  Namollo  people  of  Eastern  Siberia. 

Am.  Naturalist,  xv,  857-808.    Nov.,  1881. 

On    masks,  labrets,  and    certain    aboriginal   customs,  with  an 

en(iuiry  into  the  bearing  of  their  geograi)hical  dintribution. 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Kthn.,  Annual  Hep.  for  1882,  Washington, 
1884,  8°,  pp.  07-200,  pi.  v-xxix  ;  alno  sepn.rately. 

The  native  tribes  of  Alaska  :  An  address  before  the  Section  of 

Anthropology  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  at  Ann  Arbor,  August,  188.5,  by  William  II. 
Dall,  vice-president. 
Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  xxxiv,  1885,  pp.  (1-19)  303-379. 

Otis  (George  A.)    List  of  the  specimens  of  the  anatomical  section  of  the 
U.  S.  Army  Medical  Museum. 
Washington,  Army  Med.  Museum,  1880,  8°,  pp.  viii.  104; 
cf.  pp.  35-39,  54-50,  100,  107,  for  description  and  measure- 
ments of  crania. 

Wyman  (Jeflries).    Observations  on  crania. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi,  pp.  440-402,  1808,  8°,  cuts; 
also  separately. 

ZOOLOGY. 

Mammals. 

Bannister  (Henry  Martyn).    The  Esquimaux  dog. 

Am.  Naturalist,  iii,  No.  10,  Dec,  1809,  pp.  522-530. 

Coues  (Elliott)    On  the  Murida?. 

Philadelphia,  Collins,  1874  [N.  W.  Boundary  Survey],  8°, 
pp,  28.     Based  partly  on  Alaskan  material. 

Dall  (W.  H.)     List  of  the  mammalia  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  and  its  Resources,  pp.  570-578.     1870. 

22-Bull.  Phil.  Sop.,  Wash.,  Vol.  i;j. 


156 


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r 


^i 


Dull  (W.  H.)    Catalogue  of  the  Cetncea  of  the  north  Pacific  ocean,  with 
osteological  notes,  etc. 
In  Scanmion's  Marine  Maniinalia  of  the  Nortiiwost  Coast  of 
North  America,  4°,  Sun  Franoiwo,  1874;  Appendix,  pp. 
JJ78-;]07.    Se])arately  printeii,  187;3. 

True  (Frederick  W. )    On  the  sijcleton  of  Plioca  (Histriophoca)  fasciata, 
Zin)inernian. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vi,  1883,  pp.  417-420,  pi.  xi-xiv.    1884. 

On  a  new  8i)ecies  of  porpoise,  Phociena  Dalli,  from  Alaska. 

The  same,  viii,  1885,  pp.  95-98,  pi.  ii-v. 

Birds. 

Buird  (Spencer  F.)  On  additions  to  the  bird  fauna  of  North  America 
made  by  the  Scientific  Corps  of  the  Unsso- American  Telejiniph 
Expedition. 

Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  pp.  ;]ll-;525,  pi.  27-;J4.     18(59. 

Bean  (Tarlcton  H.)    Our  unique  spoon-billed  sandpiper. 

Forest  and  Stream,  xvi.  No.  12,  p.  225.    April  21,  1881. 

Notes  on  birds  collected  during  the  suifimer  of  18so  in  Alaska. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1882,  pp.  144-17.3.     1882. 

Cabanis  (J.)    Ueber  Pyrrl  'ila  cassini  und  P.  cineracea  aus  Siberien. 

Jour,  fiir  Ornitii.,    ' ''        "'8;  1872,  pp.  315,  Slti;  1873,  pp. 
314,  315. 

Ball  (W.  H.)  and  Bannister  (II.  M.)  List  of  the  birds  of  Ala.ska,  with 
biographical  notes. 

Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  i,  d]).  2()7-310,  j)l.  xxvii-xxxiv. 
1869. 

Dull  (W.  H.)    Birds  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  and  its  resources,  p],.  .  :.',-58G.     1870. 

Notes  on  the  avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  islands  from  Unalashka 

eastward. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  pp.  25-35.     Feb.,  1873. 

Notes  on  the  avifauna  of  the  Aleutian  islands,  especially  those 

west  of  Unalashk.t. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v,  pp.  270-281.     March,  1874. 
Newton  (Alfred).    Notes  on  the  birds  of  the  Yukon  region. 

The  Ibis,  2d  series,  vi,  p.  521.    1870. 
Tristram  (II.  B.)     Notes  on  some  passerine  birds,  chiefly  palearctic. 

The  Ibis,  3d  series,  i.  No.  2,  pp.  231-234.     1871. 


^■y*'".'!  imi^H'i 


th 

of 
V- 

^, 
I. 


ALASKA   AS   IT    WAS    AND   18. 
Fish  and  Fisheries. 


157 


Bean  (Tarlcton  II.)    Description  of  a  new  ftah  from  Alaalca  (etc.). 
rroc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mu.s.,  ii,  pp.  212-218.     1879. 

Descriptions  of  some  new  genera  and  species  of  Alasltan  finlies. 

The  same,  pp.  35:5-359.     1880. 
Descriptions  of  new  flslies  from  Alaska  and  Siberia. 

The  same,  iv,  pp.  144-159.    1881. 

A  preliminary  catalogue  of  the  fishes  of  Alaskan  an<l  adjacent 

waters. 

The  same,  V,  pp.  239-272.     1881. 

Description  of  a  new  species  of  Alepidosaurus  from  Alaska. 

Tl^'samc,  vi,  pp.  001-6G3.    1883. 

A  partial  l.ibliography  of  the  fishes  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 

United  States  and  of  Alaska  (etc.). 
The  same,  iv,  pp.  312-317.     1882. 

List  of  fishes  known  to  occur  in  the  Arctic  ocean  north  of  Bering 

strait. 
Report  on  the  cruise  of  the  Corwin.    Washington,  Covern- 
ment  Printing  Office,  1883,  pp.  118-120,  4°. 

T'  0  fishery  resources  and  fishing  grounds  of  Alaska. 

Fishing  industries  of  the  U.  S.,  i,  sect.  3,  pp.  81-113.     1887. 

The  codfishery  of  Alaska. 

Fishing  industries  of  the  U.  S.,  i,  sect.  5,  p.  198.     1887. 

The  Burbot,  Lota  maculosa. 

Fishing  industries  of  the  U.  S.,  i,  sect.  7.    1887. 

Dall  (W.  II.)    The  food-fishes  of  Alaska. 

U.  S.  Com'r  Agriculture,  Report  for  1870,  pp.  375-392.     1871. 

Iklilner  (James  W.)    Notes  on  the  grayling  of  North  America  (etc.). 

U.  S.  Com'r  Fisheries,  Report  for  1872- 73,  pp.  729-742.   1874. 

Mollusca  and  Bmchiopoda. 

Bergh   (Rudolph).    On  the  nudibranchiate  gastropod  mollusca  of  the 
north  Pacific  ocean,  with  special  reference  to  those  of  Alaska. 

*Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  for  1879,  pp.  71-132, 1.  pi-viii. 
May,  1879. 

Partll. 

In  the  same,  pp.  40-127,  pi.  i-viii.    1880. 
The  two  papers  above  cited  appear  in  Sci.  Res.  Expl.  of  xVlaska, 
pp.  127-276,  pi.  i-xvi. 


itawf»4*ir-}-:--yri 


w 


m 


158 


BALL. 


Dall  (W.  H.)    Materiala  for  a  monograph  of  the  family  Lepetidre. 
Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  v,  pp.  140-150.     1869. 

On  the  Limpeta,  with  special  reference  to  the  species  of  the  west 

coast  of  America  and  to  a  more  natural  classification  of  the 
group. 

In  same,  vi,  pp.  228-282,  pi.  xiv-xvii.     April,  1871. 


Diagtioses  of  sixty  new  forms  of  moUusks  from  the  west  coast  of 
America  and  the  North  Pacific  ocean. 

In  same,  vii,  pp.  93-160,  pi.  xiii-xvi.    Oct.,  1871. 

Preliminary  descriptions  of  new  species  of  mollusks  from  the 
northwest  coast  of  America. 
Proc.  Gala.  Acad.  Sci..  iv,  pp.  270,  271.     Oct.,  1872. 

Preliminary  descriptions  of  new  species  of  mollusks  from  the 
northwest  coast  of  America. 
In  same,  iv,  pp.  302,  303.    Dec,  1872. 

DescripHons  of  new  species  of  mollusca  from  the  coast  of  Alaska, 
with  notes  on  somo  rare  forms. 

In  same,  v,  pp.  57-62.    April,  1873. 

Catalogue  of  shells  from  Bering  strait  (etc.). 
In  same,  v,  pp.  246-253.     1874. 

Preliminary  descriptions  of  new  species  of  mollusks  from  the 
northwest  coast  of  America. 
In  same,  p.  6 ;  extras,  I'.Iarch  19,  1877. 

Aleutian  ccphalopods. 

Am.  Nat.,  vii.  No.  8,  Aug.,  1S73,  pp.  484,  485. 

Report  on  the  brachiopoda  of  Alaska  (etc.). 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  1877,  pp.  155-170;  Sci.  Results, 
art.  iii,  jip.  45-62.     July,  1877. 

Descriptions  of  new  forms  of  nwllusks  from  Alaska  (etc.). 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1878,  pp.  1-3.     Feh.,  1878. 

Report  on  the  Limpeta  and  Chitons  of  (he  Alaskan  and  Arctic 
regions. 

Proc.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  1879,  pp.  281-344,  pi.  i-v.     1879.     Sci. 
Results  Expl.  Alaska,  pp.  63-12(>,  pi.  i-v. 

Report  on  the  mollusca  of  tlie  ('ommandor  islands,  Bering  sea, 
collected  l)y  Leonard  Stejncger  in  18S2  and  188:!. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1884,  pp.  340-349,  pi.  ii.     1884. 


ALASKA    AS   IT   WAS   AND   IS. 


159 


he 


of 


le 


. 


Dall  (W.  H.)    New  or  specially  interesting  shells  of  the  Point  Barrow 
expedition. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mug.  1884,  pp.  523-526,  pi.  ii.    1884. 

Report  on  Bering  island  mollusca. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1886,  pp.  209-219.     1886. 

Supplementary  notes  on  some  species  of  moUusks  of  the  Bering 

sea  and  vicinity. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1880,  pp.  297-309,  pi.  iii,  iv.     Oct.,  1886. 

Report  on  the  mollusks. 

In  Report  of  the  International  Polar  Expedition  to  Point 
Barrow,  Washington,  Gov't,  1885,  4^  pp.  177-184,  with 
plate. 

On  the  genus  Corolla  (Dall). 

The  Nautilus,  iii,  No.  3,  July,  1889,  pp.  30,  31. 

Notes  on  some  recent  brachiopods. 

Proc.  Acad.  Na..  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1891,  pp.  172-175,  pi.  iv. 

On  some  new  or  interesting  west  American  shells  (etc.). 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xiv,  pp.  173-191.     1891.     bee  also  the 
same,  xvii,  pp.  70(3-733,  pi.  xxv-xxxii.     1895. 
Lea  (Isaac).    Description  of  five  new  species  of  Unionid^e  (etc.). 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  xix,  p.  81.     1867. 

Crustacea. 

Benedict  ( Jamr.  E.)    Preliminary  descriptions  of  thirty-seven  new  species 
of  hermit  crabs  of  the  genus  Eupagurus. 
Proc   IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xv,  pp.  1-26,  1892. 

Corvstoid  crabs  of  the  genera  Telmessus  and  Erimacrus. 

ProcU.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XV,  pp.  223-230,  pi.  xxv-xxvu.     189L. 

.    DeHcriptions  of  n-nv  geuenv  and  species  of  crabs  of  the  family 

LithoiUda',  etc. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvii,  pp.  479-488.    1894. 
Ball  (Win    Descriptions  of  three  new  species  of  Crustacea,  parasitic  on 
V       ■    the  cetacea  of  the  northwest  coa.st  of  America. 

Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  iv.  pp.  2S1-283.     Nov.,  1872. 

_  On  the  parasites  of  the  cetaceans  of  the  northwest  coast  of 

America,  with  descriptions  of  new  forms. 

Tn  same,  iv.  pp.  299-301.     Dec,  1872. 

On  new  parasitic  crastacea  from  the  northwest  coa.st  of  America. 

In  same,  v,  pp.  254,  255.     March,  18/4. 


;■*.'-  *'*\»»v,„ 


iifiMfiHBillIMM 


160 


BALL. 


Liitken  (Christian  Frederick).    Tillseg  til  Bidrag  til  kundskab  om  Arterne 
af  Slsegten  Cyamus  Latreille  (etc.). 
Vid.  Selsk.  Skr.  6  Rrekke,  iv,  pp.  317-32?  and  pi.,  also  sep-a- 
rately. 

Rathbun  (Mary  J.)    Catalogue  of  the  crabs  of  the  family  Maiidaj  (etc.). 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  pp.  63-103,  pi.  iii-viii.    1893. 

Descriptions  of  new  genera  and  species  of  c-abs  from  the  west 

coast  of  North  America. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XVI,  pp.  223-260.    1893. 

Notes  on  the  crabs  of  the  family  Inachidte  (etc.). 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvii,  pp.  43-75.    1894. 

Insects. 

Hagen  (Herman).    List  of  neuroptera  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  and  its  Resources,  pp.  588,  589.     1870. 
Packard  (Alpheus  S.,  Jr.)    List  of  nocturnal  lepidoptora  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  and  its  Resources,  p.  587.     1870. 

List  of  hymenoptera  of  Alaska. 

The  same,  pp.  587,  588.     1870. 

Notice  of  hymenoptera  and  nocturnal  lepidoptera  collected  in 

Alaska  by  W.  H.  Dall,  director  of  the  Scientific  Corps  of  tlio 
Western  Union  Telegraph  E.xpcdition,  with  a  list  of  neuroptera 
by  P.  R.  Uhler  and  Dr.  H.  Hagon. 

Trans.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  ii,  pp. ,  with  a  plate. 

Chicago,  1870. 

This  report  was  printed,  but  nearly  all  tlio  copies  woic  destroyed  in  the 
great  fire  at  Chicago,  and  it  cannot  be  considered  as  efl'octively  published. 

Scudder  (Samuel  Hubbard).     List  of  diurnal  lepidoptera  of  Alaska. 
Alaska  and  its  Resources,  pp.  588,  589.     1870. 

Report  on  a  collection  of  diurnal  lepidoptera  made  in  Alaska  by 

the  Scientific  Corps  of  the  R-isso-Ainerican  Telegraph  Expedi- 
tion under  the  direction  of  Lieut.  W.  II.  Dall. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v,  pp.  404-408.     1869.    Also  in 
Entomological  Notes,  ii,  pp.  42-46.     1869. 

Ccelentci  ate». 

Clark,  (Samuel  Fessenden).     Report  on  the  bydroids  collected  on  the  coast 
of  Alaska  l)y  W.  H.  Dall,  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  and  party, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Piiila.,  for  1.S76,  pp.  209-2,'!S,  i  .   vii-j:vi, 
1877.     Sci.  Results  Expl.  Alaska,  i>p.  5-34,  pi.  i- x. 


% 


..4 -^ 


ALASKA    AS   IT   WAS   AKD    IS.  101 

Dall  (W.  H.)    On  some  hydrocorallinje  from  Alaska  (etc.). 

Proc.  Biol.  See.  of  Wash.,  ii,  pp.  111-115.     April,  1884. 

Porifera. 

Lambe  (Lawrence  M. )    Sponges  from  the  western  coast  of  North  America. 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  1894,  sec.  iv,  pp.  113-138,  pi.  ii-iv. 


1895. 


BOTANY. 


1 
I 


Dall  (W.  H.)    Report  on  the  agricultural  resources  of  Alaska. 

U.  S.  Com'r  .Agriculture,  Report  for  1868,  pp.  172-189.     1869. 

List  of  useful  plants  indigenous  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska. 

Alaska  and  its  Resources,  pp.  589-594.    1870. 

Arctic  marine  vegetation. 

Nature,  July  1,  1875,  p.  166. 

Kuowlton  (F.  II.)     A  review  of  the  fossil  Hora  of  Alaska,  with  descrip- 
tions of  new  species. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  1894,  pp.  207-240,  pi.  ix.     See  also  Bull. 
Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  V,  pp.  573-590.     1893. 

Lesquereux  (Leo).     Contributions  to  the  Miocene  flora  of  Alaska. 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1882,  pp.  443-449,  pi.  vi-x.     1883. 
Mann  (Horace,  Jr.)    Sketch  of  the  flora  of  Alaska.     Lichenes. 

Smithsonian  Report  for  1867,  pp.  462,  463.     1868. 

Rothrock  (Jcseph  Trimble).     Sketch  of  the  flora  of  Alaska. 

Smithsonian  Report  for  1867,  pp.  433-461.     1868. 

List  of  and  notes  upon  the  lichens  collected  by  Dr.  T.  II.  Bean 

in  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  region  in  1880. 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  1884,  pp.  1-9,  1884. 


■n 


m 


